GAAP vs. Tax-Basis: Which is Right for your Business?

Most businesses report financial performance using U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). However, the income-tax-basis format can save time and money for some private companies. Comparing GAAP vs. tax-basis is essential for a company’s success. Here’s information to help you choose the financial reporting framework that will suit your situation.

GAAP is the most common financial reporting standard in the United States. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires public companies to follow it — they don’t have a choice. Many lenders expect large private borrowers to follow suit because GAAP is familiar and consistent.

However, compliance with GAAP can be time-consuming and costly, depending on the level of assurance provided in the financial statements. So, some private companies report financial statements using an “other comprehensive basis of accounting” (OCBOA) method. The most common OCBOA method is the tax-basis format.

Departing from GAAP can result in significant differences in financial results. Why? GAAP is based on conservatism, which prevents companies from overstating profits and asset values. This runs contrary to what the IRS expects from for-profit businesses. Tax laws generally favor accelerated gross income recognition and won’t allow taxpayers to deduct expenses until the amounts are known, and other deductibility requirements have been met. So, reported profits tend to be higher under tax-basis methods than GAAP.

There are also differences in terminology. Under GAAP, companies report revenues, expenses, and net income. Conversely, tax-basis entities report gross income, deductions, and taxable income. Their nontaxable items typically appear as separate line items or are disclosed in a footnote.

Capitalization and depreciation of fixed assets is another noteworthy difference. Under GAAP, the cost of a fixed asset (less its salvage value) is capitalized and systematically depreciated over its useful life. For tax purposes, fixed assets are depreciated under the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS), which generally results in shorter lives than under GAAP. Salvage value isn’t subtracted for tax purposes, but Section 179 and bonus depreciation are subtracted before computing MACRS deductions.

Other reporting differences exist for inventory, pensions, leases, start-up costs, and accounting for changes and errors. In addition, companies record allowances for bad debts, sales returns, inventory obsolescence, and asset impairment under GAAP. But these allowances generally aren’t permitted under tax law.

GAAP has become increasingly complex in recent years. So, some companies would prefer tax-basis reporting if it’s appropriate for financial statement users. For example, tax-basis financials might work for a business owned, operated, and financed by individuals closely involved in day-to-day operations who understand its financial position.

However, GAAP statements typically work better if the company has unsecured debt or numerous shareholders who own minority interests. Likewise, prospective buyers may prefer to perform due diligence on GAAP financial statements — or they may be public companies that are required to follow GAAP.

Tax-basis reporting makes sense for certain types of businesses. But for other businesses, tax-basis financial statements may result in missing or misleading information. We can help you evaluate GAAP vs. tax-basis and choose the appropriate reporting framework for your situation. Contact us with questions.

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